Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Neuroinflammatory and transcriptional dynamics during SARS-CoV-2 infection in KRT18-hACE2 mouse brain

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1716597

Figure Lengend Snippet: Neuropathological changes and inflammatory mediators in K18-hACE mouse brain following SARS-CoV-2 infection. (A, B) Immunofluorescence staining of brain tissue from uninfected and SARS-CoV-2 infected mice showing colocalization of DAPI (blue, nuclear stain) with (A) Iba-1 (green) and (B) CD68 (red). Lower panels show single staining for Iba-1 or CD68. Scale bar: 50 µm. (C) TUNEL assay of brain tissue from uninfected and SARS-CoV-2 infected mice. (D) Quantification of panel C showing the percentage of TUNEL+ cells in each group. Student t-test was performed to determine the significance. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001).

Article Snippet: DNA fragmentation was detected on rehydrated paraffin-embedded sections using a one-step TUNEL in situ apoptosis detection kit (E-CK-A325; Elabscience), according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques: Infection, Immunofluorescence, Staining, TUNEL Assay

Journal: Journal of Nanobiotechnology

Article Title: Targeting delivery of miR-146a via IMTP modified milk exosomes exerted cardioprotective effects by inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway after myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury

doi: 10.1186/s12951-024-02631-0

Figure Lengend Snippet: MEs-miR-146a protects H9c2 cells from OGD/R induced damage. ( A ) After 24 h of incubation, PKH26 labeled exosomes could be uptaken up by H9c2. Scale bar = 20 μm. ( B ) MEs-miR-146a decreased OGD/R induced cell apoptosis of H9c2 according to TUNEL assay. Scale bar = 50 μm. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01 versus the control group; & P < 0.05, && P < 0.01 versus the OGD/R group; ▲ P < 0.05 versus the OGD/R-MEs group. n = 6

Article Snippet: The one-step TUNEL Apoptosis Detection Kit (C1088, Green Fluorescence, Beyotime) was used to incubate for 60 min at RT, following by nuclear labeling with DAPI (H-1200-10, Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA, USA), both in the dark.

Techniques: Incubation, Labeling, TUNEL Assay, Control

Journal: Journal of Nanobiotechnology

Article Title: Targeting delivery of miR-146a via IMTP modified milk exosomes exerted cardioprotective effects by inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway after myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury

doi: 10.1186/s12951-024-02631-0

Figure Lengend Snippet: MEs-miR-146a protects NRCM cells from OGD/R induced damage. ( A ) Representative fluorescence images indicated that PKH26 labeled exosomes were taken up by NRCM cells after 24 h of incubation. Scale bar = 20 μm. ( B ) MEs-miR-146a decreased OGD/R induced cell apoptosis of NRCM according to TUNEL assay. Scale bar = 50 μm. ** P < 0.01 versus the control group; & P < 0.05, && P < 0.01 versus the OGD/R group; ▲ P < 0.05 versus the OGD/R-MEs group. n = 6

Article Snippet: The one-step TUNEL Apoptosis Detection Kit (C1088, Green Fluorescence, Beyotime) was used to incubate for 60 min at RT, following by nuclear labeling with DAPI (H-1200-10, Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA, USA), both in the dark.

Techniques: Fluorescence, Labeling, Incubation, TUNEL Assay, Control

Journal: Journal of Nanobiotechnology

Article Title: Targeting delivery of miR-146a via IMTP modified milk exosomes exerted cardioprotective effects by inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway after myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury

doi: 10.1186/s12951-024-02631-0

Figure Lengend Snippet: MEs-miR-146a exhibited better therapeutic efficacy in decreasing apoptotic cells and limiting inflammation than MEs. ( A - B ) Representative TUNEL staining images and quantification of apoptotic radio. ** P < 0.01 versus the Sham group; & P < 0.05 and && P < 0.01 versus the MIRI group. ( C - F ) The expression of inflammatory factors of rat serum were detected by ELISA. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01 versus the Sham group; & P < 0.05, && P < 0.01 versus the MIRI group; ▲ P < 0.05, ▲▲ P < 0.01 versus the MIRI-MEs-miR-146a group. n = 5

Article Snippet: The one-step TUNEL Apoptosis Detection Kit (C1088, Green Fluorescence, Beyotime) was used to incubate for 60 min at RT, following by nuclear labeling with DAPI (H-1200-10, Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA, USA), both in the dark.

Techniques: Drug discovery, TUNEL Assay, Staining, Expressing, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: Journal of Nanobiotechnology

Article Title: Targeting delivery of miR-146a via IMTP modified milk exosomes exerted cardioprotective effects by inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway after myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury

doi: 10.1186/s12951-024-02631-0

Figure Lengend Snippet: Tail vein injection of IMTP-MEs-miR-146a significantly ameliorated myocardium apoptosis and attenuated inflammation at the early stage of MIRI. ( A ) Representative H&E images of heart tissue from each group. Scale bar = 50 μm. ( B - C ) Representative images of TUNEL staining 24 h after MIRI and quantitative analysis of apoptotic radio. * P < 0.05 and ** P < 0.01 versus the MIRI group; & P < 0.05 versus the MIRI-MEs-miR-146a group. n = 8. ( D - G ) The expression of inflammatory factors of rat serum were detected by ELISA. ∆∆ P < 0.01 versus the MIRI group; ▲▲ P < 0.01 versus the MIRI-MEs-miR-146a group. n = 8

Article Snippet: The one-step TUNEL Apoptosis Detection Kit (C1088, Green Fluorescence, Beyotime) was used to incubate for 60 min at RT, following by nuclear labeling with DAPI (H-1200-10, Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA, USA), both in the dark.

Techniques: Injection, TUNEL Assay, Staining, Expressing, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: Ecotoxicology and environmental safety

Article Title: Autophagy promotes GSDME-mediated pyroptosis via intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways in cobalt chloride-induced hypoxia reoxygenation-acute kidney injury.

doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113881

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 3. Apoptosis was induced in the PTECs in the CoCl2-induced HRI-AKI models. (A) Representative of the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assays for the apoptotic cells in the kidney samples (Scale bar: 50 µm). The nuclei of the TUNEL-positive cells were stained green. (B) The TUNEL results in HK-2 cells. Scale bar: 100 µm. (C) The flow cytometry assays detecting the apoptotic cells in HK-2 cells treated with different concentrations of CoCl2 for 24 h and then reoxygenated for 6 h. (D) The quantitative ratios of the apoptotic cells and necrotic cells in 3 C. (E) The expression levels of caspase 8 (CASP 8), cleaved caspase 8 (c-CASP 8), CASP 9, c-CASP 9, CASP 3 and c-CASP 3 detected with western blotting assays. The protein samples were prepared from the mouse kidneys after IRI treatment. (F) The quantitative results of the relative expression levels of c-CASP 8, c-CASP 9 and c-CASP 3 in E. (G) The western blotting assays detecting the apoptosis-related proteins in HK-2 cells treated with different concentrations of CoCl2 for 24 h and then reoxygenated for 6 h. (H) The quantitative results of the relative expression levels of c-CASP 8, c-CASP 9 and c-CASP 3 in Fig. G. (I) The western blotting assays detecting the apoptosis-related proteins in HK-2 cells treated with 500 μM CoCl2 for 24 h and then reoxygenated for different reoxygenation times. (J) The quantitative results of the relative expression levels of c-CASP 8, c-CASP 9 and c-CASP 3 in I. The western blotting assays were repeated at least three times. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001 compared with the Ctrl group, # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, and ### p < 0.001 compared with the hypoxia group with reoxygenation time of 0 h.

Article Snippet: To detect whether apoptosis occurred in HRI-AKI, the TUNEL apoptosis assay kit (Elabscience Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China) was used to detect DNA fragmentation according to the instruction.

Techniques: TUNEL Assay, Staining, Flow Cytometry, Expressing, Western Blot

Journal: Ecotoxicology and environmental safety

Article Title: Autophagy promotes GSDME-mediated pyroptosis via intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways in cobalt chloride-induced hypoxia reoxygenation-acute kidney injury.

doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113881

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 4. Inhibition of apoptosis decreased GSDME-mediated pyroptosis in CoCl2- induced HRI-AKI models. (A) The effects of CASP 3 inhibitor, Z-DEVD-FMK, on the cell viabilities, the relative levels of ATP or the relative release of LDH induced in the CoCl2- induced HRI cell model. (B) The effects of CASP 3 inhibitor, Z-DEVD-FMK, on GSDME- mediated pyroptosis in HRI cell model. (C) The quantitative results of the relative expression levels of c-CASP 3 and GSDME-NT in B. (D) The effects of CASP 9 inhibitor, Z- LEHD-FMK TFA, on the cell viabilities, the relative levels of ATP or the relative release of LDH in the HRI cell model. (E) The effects of CASP 9 inhibitor, Z-LEHD-FMK TFA, on the protein levels of CASP 9, c-CASP 9, CASP 3, c-CASP 3, GSDME-FL, and GSDME-NT in the HRI cell model. (F) The quantitative re sults of the relative expression levels of c- CASP 9 and GSDME-NT in E. (G) The effects of CASP 8 inhibitor, Z-IETD-FMK, on the cell viabilities, the relative levels of ATP or the relative release of LDH in the HRI cell model. (H) The effects of CASP 8 inhibitor, Z-IETD- FMK, on the protein levels of CASP 8, c-CASP 8, CASP 9, c-CASP 9, CASP 3, c-CASP 3, GSDME-FL and GSDME-NT in HRI cell model. (I) The quantitative results of the relative expression levels of c-CASP 8 and GSDME-NT in H. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 compared with the corre sponding Ctrl group without HRI treatment. # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, and ### p < 0.001 compared with the Ctrl group with HRI treatment.

Article Snippet: To detect whether apoptosis occurred in HRI-AKI, the TUNEL apoptosis assay kit (Elabscience Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China) was used to detect DNA fragmentation according to the instruction.

Techniques: Inhibition, Expressing

Journal: Ecotoxicology and environmental safety

Article Title: Autophagy promotes GSDME-mediated pyroptosis via intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways in cobalt chloride-induced hypoxia reoxygenation-acute kidney injury.

doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113881

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 6. The effects of inhibiting autophagy on pyroptosis and apoptosis in the HRI-AKI models. (A) The mRNA level of atg5 in HK-2 cells after lentivirus transfection to knock down Atg5. (B) The mRNA level of fip200 in HK-2 cells after lentivirus transfection to knock down FIP200. (C) The protein levels of Atg5 and FIP200 after lentivirus transfection to knock down Atg5 or FIP200. (D) The protein levels of LC3B-I and LC3B-II with HRI treatment after lentivirus transfection to knock down Atg5 or FIP200. (E) The densitometric analysis of LC3B-II protein levels in D. (F) The levels of related apoptotic and pyroptotic proteins in HK-2 cells after lentivirus transfection to knock down Atg5 or FIP200. (G) The densitometric analysis of c-CASP 8, c-CASP 9, c-CASP 3 and GSDME-NT in Fig. 6F. The data shown were repeated at least three times. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 compared with the corresponding Ctrl group without HRI treatment. ### p < 0.001 compared with the sh-ctrl group with HRI treatment.

Article Snippet: To detect whether apoptosis occurred in HRI-AKI, the TUNEL apoptosis assay kit (Elabscience Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China) was used to detect DNA fragmentation according to the instruction.

Techniques: Transfection, Knockdown

Journal: Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology

Article Title: Divergent functions of the RNA-binding protein, Mei-P26 in germline and somatic lineages of Drosophila testis

doi: 10.3389/fcell.2026.1739650

Figure Lengend Snippet: Overexpression of germline-specific mei-P26 induced apoptosis in the testes. Active cleaved Caspase3 marking early apoptosis (green) and TUNEL staining marking late apoptosis induced DNA fragmentation (red). (A–A”) Apoptosis in the apical tip of the testis with a few spermatogonia going through apoptosis. (B–B”) Magnification of the apoptotic TUNEL-positive region of the apical tip. (C–C”) Nos>UAS-mei-P26 testis has elevated TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells at the mid-stage of testis. (D–D”) Magnification of the TUNEL-positive region of the truncated testis. (E) Quantification of TUNEL intensity in control, normal, and germline mei-P26 overexpressed truncated testis. Image frame: (A–A”, C–C”) 100 μm, (B–B”, D–D”) 10μm. ‚ indicates the apical tip of the testis.

Article Snippet: Apoptotic cells were detected using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay with the OneStep TUNEL Apoptosis Kit [Red, 594] (Novus Biologicals; Cat. No. NBP3-11959).

Techniques: Over Expression, TUNEL Assay, Staining, Control

Journal: iScience

Article Title: Deletion of miR-130b/301b cluster promotes macrophage efferocytosis and resolution of adipose tissue inflammation

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115307

Figure Lengend Snippet: Deletion of miRNA-130b and miR-301b-enhanced macrophage efferocytosis in vitro and in vivo (A) Peritoneal macrophages from miR-130b/301b KO or WT control mice were incubated with CFSE-labeled apoptotic thymocytes. After 2 h, the cells were labeled with BV421-conjugated antibody targeting CD90.1 and subjected to flow cytometry. Left shows gating of the cells for apoptotic cells engulfed (CFSE+ CD90.1-) and attached (CFSE+ CD90.1+) macrophages. Bar graphs show percentage and intensity of CFSE positive and CD90.1 negative cells. n = 4 cell samples. (B) Peritoneal macrophages from miR-130b/301b KO or WT control mice were incubated with or without GFP-expressing apoptotic Hepa1-6 cells. After 1 h, the cells were labeled with F4/80 antibody and subjected to flow cytometry. Gating strategies and the percentage of GFP (FITC) positive cells in population of macrophages (F4/80) were shown. n = 3 cell samples. (C and D) miR-130b/301b KO or WT control mice were subjected to dexamethasone (Dex) (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) or PBS (control) for 18 h. (C) The thymus tissues were sectioned and subjected to TUNEL staining and representative images and quantified intensity were shown. (D) Representative thymus images and the ratio of the weight of thymuses to body weight of mice that received dexamethasone. n = 3–4 mice in each group from two independent repeats. All bar graphs were presented as mean ± SD, ∗ p < 0.5, ∗∗∗ p < 0.001( t test for A, B, D, and ANOVA for C).

Article Snippet: TUNEL Apoptosis Kit , Novus Biologicals , Cat#NBP3-12093.

Techniques: In Vitro, In Vivo, Control, Incubation, Labeling, Flow Cytometry, Expressing, TUNEL Assay, Staining

Journal: iScience

Article Title: Deletion of miR-130b/301b cluster promotes macrophage efferocytosis and resolution of adipose tissue inflammation

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115307

Figure Lengend Snippet: Decreased inflammation and CLSs in adipose tissue of mice with miR-130b/301b deletion miR-130b/301b KO and WT male littermates were fed with HFD (45% kcal from fat, 20% kcal protein, and 35% kcal carbohydrate) at 5–6 weeks of age for 12 weeks. (A and C) Total RNAs were extracted from inguinal fat (iWAT) and epidydimal fat (eWAT) tissues, and mRNA expression of Mcp-1 , Tnf-a , and Il-6 in iWAT (A) and eWAT (C) were measured by real-time PCR and normalized to TBP. n = 6–8 mice. (B and D) Representative images of TUNEL and F4/80 co-staining and quantification of crown-like structures (CLSs) in iWAT (B) and eWAT (D) of WT or KO mice following high fat diet. CLSs were quantified in 3 random views (4x) from 3 mice in each group. Mean ± SD. # p < 0.1; ∗ p < 0.05; ∗∗ p < 0.01 (ANOVA for A and C; t test for B and D). Scale bars, 25 μm.

Article Snippet: TUNEL Apoptosis Kit , Novus Biologicals , Cat#NBP3-12093.

Techniques: Expressing, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, TUNEL Assay, Staining

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Radiation activated photodynamic therapy (radioPDT) induces lipid peroxidation and vascular mediated tumor regression of prostate cancer

doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-14652-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: radioPDT increases tumor apoptosis but does not affect proliferation. ( A ) TUNEL assay kit was used to determine the degree of tumor apoptosis. Representative images of TUNEL staining. ( B ) Relative level of TUNEL staining was measured by ImageJ and analyzed by One-way ANOVA (mean ± SEM; n = 5 mice/group; * P < 0.05). ( C ) Ki67 was used to determine fractional tumor proliferation. Representative images of Ki67 staining. ( D ) Relative level of Ki67 staining was measured by ImageJ and was analyzed by One-way ANOVA (mean ± SEM; n = 5 mice/group). LPF: low power field. Scale bar, 100 µm.

Article Snippet: The OneStop TUNEL apoptosis kit (Novus Biologicals, Canada) was utilized to assess tumor apoptosis following the manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques: TUNEL Assay, Staining